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spondylotic radiculopathy (C5-C6 and C6-C7) and craniovertebral angle measured less than or
equal to 50° were randomly assigned to an exercise or a control group… The control group (n =
48) received ultrasound and infrared radiation, whereas the exercise group (n = 48) received a
posture corrective exercise programme in addition to ultrasound and infrared radiation…
Forward head posture correction using a posture corrective exercise programme in addition to
ultrasound and infrared radiation decreased pain and craniovertebral angle and increased the
peak-to-peak amplitude of dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials for C6 and C7 in
cases of lower cervical spondylotic radiculopathy.

16) The effect of the forward head posture on postural balance in long time computer based
worker.

Ann Rehabil Med. 2012 Feb;36(1):98-104. Kang JH, Park RY, Lee SJ, Kim JY, Yoon SR, Jung KI.

To estimate the effects of a relatively protruded head and neck posture on postural balance, in
computer based worker… Thirty participants, who work with computers for over 6 hrs per day
(Group I), and thirty participants, who rarely work with computers (Group II), were enrolled.
The head and neck posture was measured by estimating angles A and B. A being the angle
between the tragus of the ear, the lateral canthus of the eye, and horizontal line and B the
angle between the C7 spinous process, the tragus of the ear, and the horizontal line. The
severity of head protrusion with neck extension was assessed by the subtraction of angle A
from angle B. We also measured the center of gravity (COG) and postural balance by using
computerized dynamic posturography to determine the effect of computer-based work on
postural balance… The results of this study suggest that forward head postures during
computer-based work may contribute to some disturbance in the balance of healthy adults.
These results could be applied to education programs regarding correct postures when working
at a computer for extended periods of time.

17) Musculoskeletal dysfunction and pain in adults with asthma.

J Asthma. 2011 Feb;48(1):105-10. Lunardi AC, Marques da Silva CC, Rodrigues Mendes FA,
Marques AP, Stelmach R, Fernandes Carvalho CR.

The mechanical alterations related to the overload of respiratory muscles observed in adults
with persistent asthma might lead to the development of chronic alterations in posture,
musculoskeletal dysfunction and pain; however, these changes remain poorly understood…
This study aimed to assess postural alignment, muscle shortening and chronic pain in adults
with persistent asthma… In comparison with non-asthmatic subjects, patients with mild or
severe persistent asthma held their head and shoulders more forward and had lower chest
wall expansion, decreased shoulder internal rotation, and decreased thoracic spine flexibility.
Chronic lower thoracic, cervical, and shoulder pain was significantly increased in patients with
mild or severe asthma compared with non-asthmatic subjects…

18) Head and shoulder alignment among patients with unilateral vestibular hypofunction.