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Individuals with FHRSP displayed significantly greater scapular internal rotation with less
serratus anterior activity, during both tasks as well as greater scapular upward rotation,
anterior tilting during the flexion task when compared with the ideal posture group. These
results provide support for the clinical hypothesis that FHRSP impacts shoulder mechanics
independent of shoulder pain.

21) The influence of cranio-cervical posture on maximal mouth opening and pressure pain
threshold in patients with myofascial temporomandibular pain disorders.

Clin J Pain. 2011 Jan;27(1):48-55. La Touche R, París-Alemany A, von Piekartz H, Mannheimer JS,
Fernández-Carnero J, Rocabado M.

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of cranio-cervical posture on the maximal
mouth opening (MMO) and pressure pain threshold (PPT) in patients with myofascial
temporomandibular pain disorders… The results of this study shows that the experimental
induction of different cranio-cervical postures influences the MMO and PPT values of the
temporomandibular joint and muscles of mastication that receive motor and sensory
innervation by the trigeminal nerve. Our results provide data that supports the
biomechanical relationship between the cranio-cervical region and the dynamics of the
temporomandibular joint, as well as trigeminal nociceptive processing in different cranio-
cervical postures.

22) Body posture evaluations in subjects with internal temporomandibular joint
derangement.

Cranio. 2009 Oct;27(4):231-42. Munhoz WC, Marques AP.

The aim of this study was to verify possible relationships between global body posture and
temporomandibular joint internal derangement (TMJ-id), by comparing 30 subjects presenting
typical TMJ-id signs to 20 healthy subjects. Body posture was assessed using the analysis of
muscle chains on several photographs… There was a trend noticed in the group with the most
severe dysfunction, to present a forward head and shoulders posture…

23) Global body posture evaluation in patients with temporomandibular joint disorder.

Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9. Saito ET, Akashi PM, Sacco Ide C.

To identify the relationship between anterior disc displacement and global posture (plantar
arches, lower limbs, shoulder and pelvic girdle, vertebral spine, head and mandibles). Common
signs and symptoms of anterior disc displacement were also identified… Global posture
deviations cause body adaptation and realignment, which may interfere with the organization
and function of the temporomandibular joint… Our results suggest a close relationship
between body posture and temporomandibular disorder, though it is not possible to
determine whether postural deviations are the cause or the result of the disorder. Hence,
postural evaluation could be an important component in the overall approach to providing
accurate prevention and treatment in the management of patients with temporomandibular
disorder.